the lines that create the image of the nazca spider “drawing” define the ________ of a ________.

#1

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Posted 21 September 2002 - 02:33 PM

http://www.world-mys...s.com/mpl_1.htm

Nazca Lines - Introduction (excerpts)

Nazca Lines are the most outstanding group of geoglyphs in the world. Etched in the surface of the desert pampa sand about 300 hundred figures made of straight lines, geometric shapes and pictures of animals and birds - and their patterns are only clearly visible from the air.

There are three mysterious aspects to Nazca Plateau.

First, the straight lines, many kilometers long, crisscross sectors of the pampas in all directions. Many of the lines appear to be random and seem to have no pattern to them.

Second, many of the lines form geometric figures: angles, triangles, bunches, spirals, rectangles, wavy lines, etc. Other lines form concentric circles converging with or emanating from a promontory. Other prints have formed "roads" like geometric planes and appear to have been occupied by large groups of the population.

Third, many lines form animal patterns.

Could these geoglyphs be effigies of ancient animal gods or patterns of constellations? Are they roads, star pointers, maybe even a gigantic map? If the people who lived here 2,000 years ago had only a simple technology, how did they manage to construct such precise figures? Did they have a plan? If so, who ordained it? It all seems so otherworldly. To comprehend the Nasca lines, created by the removal of desert rock to reveal the pale pink sand beneath, visitors have proposed every imaginable explanation - from runways for spaceships to tracks for Olympic athletes, from op art to pop art, to astronomical observatories.

#2 bobdrake12

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Posted 21 September 2002 - 02:41 PM

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The Nazca Lines - Description (excerpts)

The Nasca Lines are located in the Pampa region of Peru. The desolate plain of the Peruvian coast which comprises the Pampas of San Jose (Jumana), Socos, El Ingenio and others in the province of Nasca, which is 400 Km. South of Lima, covers an area of approximately 450 square km, of sandy desert as well as the slopes of the contours of the Andes.

The Lines were first spotted when commercial airlines began flying across the Peruvian desert in the 1920's. Passengers reported seeing 'primitive landing strips' on the ground below. No one knew who had built them or indeed why. Since their discovery, the Nasca Lines have inspired fantastic explanations.

The pebbles which cover the surface of the desert contain ferrous oxide. The exposure of centuries has given them a dark patina. When the gravel is removed, they contrast with the color underneath. In this way the lines were drawn as furrows of a lighter color, even though in some cases they became prints. In other cases, the stones defining the lines and drawings form small lateral humps of different sizes. Some drawings, especially the early ones, were made by removing the stones and gravel from their contours and in this way the figures stood out in high relief.

The Nazca plain is virtually unique for its ability to preserve the markings upon it, due to the combination of the climate (one of the driest on Earth, with only twenty minutes of rainfall per year) and the flat, stony ground which minimises the effect of the wind at ground level. With no dust or sand to cover the plain, and little rain or wind to erode it, lines drawn here tend to stay drawn. These factors, combined with the existence of a lighter-coloured subsoil beneath the desert crust, provide a vast writing pad that is ideally suited to the artist who wants to leave his mark for eternity.

The concentration and juxtaposition of the lines and drawings leave no doubt that they required intensive long-term labor as is demonstrated by the stylistic continuity of the designs, which clearly correspond to the different stages of cultural changes.

There appear to be two kinds of designs: the first are figures of various beings and things and the others form geometric lines. The former consists of figures of animals, plants, objects, such as anthropomorphic figures of colossal proportions made with well-defined lines. Of these figures which have been restored by Maria Reiche and other collaborators about 70 are known.

There are also drawings of flowers and plants, as well as representations of deformed animals and other strange figures. An example of this is the drawing of a weird being with two enormous hands, one normal and the other with only four fingers. Also represented are drawings of man-made objects such as yarn, looms and "tupus" (ornamental clasps). All these figures have well-defined entrances which could be used as paths or to allow people to line together along the conformations of the drawings.

The anthropomorphic figures are relatively few and are situated on the slopes. The most well-known being The Astronaut at 32m length and E.T., discovered by Eduardo Herran in 1982. Others are The Man with a Hat and The Executioner and they also appear to be the most primitive. These figures are very similar to the small petroglyphs found in the rocky areas of the region.

In terms of the lines, many kilometers long, they crisscross sectors of the pampas in all directions. Many of the lines form geometric figures: angles, triangles, bunches, spirals, rectangles, wavy lines, etc. Other lines form concentric circles converging with or emanating from a promontory. Other prints have formed "roads" like geometric planes and appear to have been occupied by large groups of the population.

Many of the lines are random and seem to have no pattern to them. They are seen over the scattered seemingly at random over the desolate plain, crossing and intersecting for no apparent reason.

#3 bobdrake12

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Posted 21 September 2002 - 03:17 PM

http://visibleearth....viewrecord?9468

Nasca Lines, Peru

Credit: Image courtesy NASA/GSFC/MITI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team

Satellite: Terra

Description:

This Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image, cropped from a full scene, covers an area of 14 x 18 km. ASTER, an instrument aboard NASA's Terra satellite, acquired the image on December 22, 2000. Visible and infrared spectral bands were combined to create a simulated true-color image.

The Nasca Lines are located in the Pampa region of Peru, the desolate plain of the Peruvian coast 400 km south of Lima. The Lines were first spotted when commercial airlines began flying across the Peruvian desert in the 1920's. Passengers reported seeing 'primitive landing strips' on the ground below. The Lines were made by removing the iron-oxide coated pebbles which cover the surface of the desert. When the gravel is removed, they contrast with the light color underneath. In this way the lines were drawn as furrows of a lighter color. On the Pampa, south of the Nasca Lines, archaeologists have now uncovered the lost city of the line-builders, Cahuachi. It was built nearly 2,000 years ago and mysteriously abandoned 500 years later.

#4 bobdrake12

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Posted 21 September 2002 - 03:36 PM

http://www.labyrinthina.com/nazca.htm

Geoglyph Map of the Nazca Pampa

1. Killer whale 2. Wing 3. Baby Condor 4. Heron Bird 5. Animal
6. Spiral 7. LIzard 8. Tree 9. Hands 10. Spiral
11. Spider 12. Flower 13. Dog 14. Astronaut 15. Triangle
16. Whale 17. Trapezoids 18. Star 19. Pelican 20. Condor Bird
21. Trapezoid 22. Hummingbird 23. Trapezoid 24. Monkey 25. Llama
26. Trapezoids

Map Credit:

Nazca
The Enigmatic Lines of the Nazca Pampa

By Kathy Doore © Labyrinthina.com 2001

#5 bobdrake12

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Posted 21 September 2002 - 03:53 PM

http://e3.sdsc.edu/t...Aerialview.html

AERIAL VIEW

On the pampas of Peru you will find about 50 figures of animals and plants.They range in size from 25 meters to 275 meters long. There are 300 geometric shapes in the form of trapezoids, triangles, zig-zags and spirals.There are 1,300 kilometers of straight lines, that are 6 inches to hundreds of meters wide. Some of the lines run parallel to each other. In addition, there are some human figures.

Astronaut

The monkey is 135 meters long with 9 fingers and a spiral tail. Some scientists believe it represents the constellation Orion.

Chicken

Some of the lines radiate out from small hills.They look like the spokes of a wheel with the center being a hill.

Killer whale

Spider

#6 Saille Willow

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Posted 01 December 2002 - 07:46 PM

Two Archaeologists say they may have unravelled the riddle. Johny Isla and his German colleague Markus Reindal, have been studying and excavating around Palpa since 1997. They note that the giant 'geoglyphs'-including birds, figures, trapezoids and spirals-lie on a plain cut by three rivers, something that would have made it a very fertile 'priviledged site'.

Isla says it appears that people on the Palpa plains chose where to settle based on where their water sources were. Some trapezoids seem to piont towards the source of the rivers, and two in particular point to a confluence of water that could be another clue.

Furthermore, his team's excavations of mound covered over at the end of some of the trapezoids, and of tombs, turned up offerings such as fragments of orange spondylus shells, which have been considered symbols of water and fertility in the Andes for thousands of years. Other finds included crab claws-further evidence of thr existence of a water cult.

Isla and Reindal's studies have also filled in other important information-such as the key question of who made them. Untill now, scientists had assumed the lines were made under the Nasca civilization, from 200 BC to AD 650.

"It has always been said that the Palpa lines belonged to the Nasca period because a lot of figures are reproduced in the Nasca lines," Isla says. But his study's excavations, the first conducted of Palpa or Nasca lines, showed the area was inhabited much earlier.

"The first geoglyphs were in Palpa, at least the ones we know about today," Isla says. "They started here and spread to Nasca," though he notes that not all the Nasca lines are younger than the Palpa ones.

The first Palpa lines date from around 200 BC, the end of the Paracas culture-a civilisation which flourished from 800 BC to 200 BC. Although the earliest Palpa lines were formed in a slightly different way than the Nasca lines, and were thicker, Isla says some of the lines that criss-cross the desert are connected over 15km of plain.

That helped debunk a theory that the Nasca people lived independently in valleys in simple societies. The study also identified and excavated what Isla says were key religious and administrative sites from the early- and mid-Nasca period, although tomb-robbers have long ago plundered them.

Isla says broken ceramics and musical instruments found near the lines support the theory that they were used in rituals." The lines were used throughout time. Some were erased or remodelled or lines
were superimposed. These were social spaces, used for ceremonies and working."

Despite the new answers, more questions remain. Scientists are planning to use a revolutionary irradiation technique to pinpoint the exact age of the lines by measuring when the stones they contain were last exposed to daylight.

Because the lines were made by pushing surface shale on top of other stones, irradiating those that were hidden could prove a more accurate dating method, Isla says.

As for another of the key questions - why build elaborate constructions that are at best appreciated from the air when air travel is unknown - Isla notes that the principal Nasca god was often shown in flight or related to divinities like the condor.

"I imagine they didn't need to see - they were offerings to the god. It was all for him," he says.

His team has paused its studies to write up the findings so far, and Isla says he is delighted to have discovered far more than he imagined possible.

But he adds:" We definitely don't think everything has been solved yet. If so, all the fun would be over."
-Reuters

From "Read between Peru's ancient lines, by Jude Webber from Palpa, Peru

#7 bobdrake12

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Posted 02 December 2002 - 02:57 AM

http://www.anthroarc....org/tblj26.htm

http://www.angelfire...logy/NAZCA.html

Nazca (excerpts)

In the Peruvian desert, about 200 miles south of Lima, there lies a plain between the Inca and Nazca valleys. Across this plain, in an area measuring 37 miles long and 1 mile wide, is an assortment of perfectly straight lines, many running parallel, others intersecting, forming a grand geometric form. In and around the lines there are also trapezoidal zones, strange symbols, and pictures of birds and beasts all etched on a giant scale that can only be appreciated from the sky.

The forms are so difficult to see from the ground that they were not discovered until aircraft, being used to survey for water, spotted them in the early 1930s. The plain, crisscrossed, by these giant lines, many forming rectangles, has a striking resemblance to a modern airport. The Swiss writer, Erich von Daniken, even suggested they had been built for the convenience of ancient visitors from space to land their ships. As tempting as it might be to subscribe to this theory, the desert floor at Nazca is soft earth, not tarmac, and would not support the landing wheels of either an aircraft or a flying saucer.

So what are the lines for? The American explorer Paul Kosok, who made his first visit to Nazca in the 1940s, suggested that the lines were astronomically significant and that the plain acted as a giant observatory. Gerald Hawkins, an American astronomer, tested this theory in 1968 by feeding the position of a sample of lines into a computer and having a program calculate how many lines coincided with an important astronomical event. Hawkins showed the number of lines that were astronomically significant were only about the same number that would be the result of pure chance. This makes it seem unlikely Nazca is an observatory.

Perhaps the best theory for the lines and symbols belongs to Tony Morrison, the English explorer. Morrison, by researching the old folk ways of the people of the Andes mountains, discovered a tradition of wayside shrines linked by straight pathways. The faithful would move from shrine to shrine praying and meditating. Often the shrine was as simple as a small pile of stones. Morrison suggests that the lines at Nazca were similar in purpose and on a vast scale. The symbols may have served as special enclosures for religious ceremonies.

the lines that create the image of the nazca spider "drawing" define the of a .

Source: https://www.longecity.org/forum/topic/222-the-lines-of-nazca/

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the lines that create the image of the nazca spider “drawing” define the of a .